Amilin: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language
| name = Amilin
| subheader = ''Westi Amilin''
|pronunciation=[wɛs'tiː ami'lin]|native_to=[[Mount September]]|known_users=animeme_master
Belgian Chungus}}
Amilin, formally ''Westi Amilin'' (the Amilin Language), is a mysterious language that first appeared in early May 2021 in the undercity of [[Mount September]] among Squareblobist-Allenist radicals. It is widely suspected that [[animeme_master]] may have had a large role in the introduction of Amilin to this section of Septembrian society.
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|/g/
|
|-▼
|H h
|/ʔ/ [ʔ~h]
|Appears only in loanwords and proper names. Elided or [h] word-initially. Elided in consonant clusters.
|-
|I i
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|/p/
|
|-
|R r
|/ɣ/
|Appears only in loanwords and proper names. Most speakers elide it in codas, and pronounce it as /g/ in onsets.
|-
|S s
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!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m /m/
|n /n/
|
|
|
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|
|k /k/
|h /ʔ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
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|
|g /g/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
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|s /s/
|
|(r /ɣ/)
▲|
|(h /h/)
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
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|l /l/
|y /j/
|
|
|}
* Before /i/, /t/ and /d/ may have allophones of [tɕ] and [dʑ] respectively.
* /ɣ/: only in some speakers in loanwords and proper names.
* /h/: only word-initially in some speakers in loanwords and proper names.
* /ʔ/: only intervocalically in loanwords and proper names.
=== Vowels ===
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=== Word-accent ===
All one-syllable words in Amilin are unstressed. Most two-syllable words, except for a small set of prepositions, other grammatical words, and forms of the word ''
{| class="wikitable"
!Final vowel
!a
!e
!i
!o
!u
|-
!Unstressed
|[a]
|[ɛ]
|[i]
|[ɔ]
|[u]
|-
!Stressed
|[æː]
|[eː]
|[iː]
|[ɔː]
|[uː]
|}
When in an unstressed position in a closed syllable (one which ends in a consonant), the diphthongs have an alternate pronunciation: ''ai'' is pronounced as [əj] and ''au'' as [ɔw].
== Morphology ==
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Pronouns are one of the few classes in Amilin which inflect, for number. There are 3 grammatical numbers: singular, plural, and total (indicating the absence of exceptions). Nouns, including proper nouns, in Amilin have grammatical gender, being either animate (including groups) or inanimate. Animate nouns fall into one of three categories, reflected by use of one of three sets of animate third-person pronouns. These categories are not grammatical, however, being used depending on context, the speaker's opinion, and the speaker's status.
Amilin has a zero copula, with statements such as "This is a house", "This house is red", and "This red house exists" being expressed through word order and use of cases and the instransitive verb marker ''mo''.
Typologically, word order is principally '''subject-verb-object''', '''noun-adjective'''. However, word order is partially free, with the first noun in a phrase indicating the topic, followed immediately by the verb; this is especially common with fronted indirect objects acting as topics. Fronted objects are by comparison rare, but correspondingly place especially heavy emphasis on the object noun.
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* Nominative: unmarked or ''siba'' depending on position in the phrase
**Usually pronounced as /sif/ before a word beginning with a vowel or voiced consonant
* Vocative: unmarked subject of a verb in the optative-imperative mood
* Accusative: ''lef''
**Pronounced as /lɛf/ before a word starting with a vowel, /lɛ/ otherwise
* Genitive: unmarked, ''lin'', or ''
**As ''lin'' begins with a consonant, ''lef lin'' is pronounced as /lɛ lin/, not /lɛf lin/
* Dative: ''de'', also used for expressing inalienable or abstract possession or ownership
* Locative: ''pon''
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* Superlative: ''istuwi''
* Adverbial-Comparative: ''folgu''
**May be pronounced as /foju/ ("foyu") in fast speech
* Evidential: ''kosalo''
**May be pronounced as /koslo/ ("kozlo") in fast speech
==== Aspectual particles ====
Verbs are required to be preceeded by an aspectual particle, which conveys information about the aspect (e.g. perfect, imperfect, habitual) and/or mood (e.g. realis, irrealis, imperative) of the verb. Tense is not marked by verb particles, being usually implicit, although there is a set of
* Imperfect: ''ni''
* Perfect: ''da''
* Habitual: ''nol''
* Imperative, optative, or jussive (any aspect): ''sen''
* Auxiliary: ''ko''; note that a verb phrase cannot end in an auxiliary verb, and so the final verb must use an aspectual particle other than ''ko''; this then acts as the aspectual particle for the entire verb phrase
*''mo'' is not an aspectual particle but is used alongside aspectual particles to indicate intransitivity
==== Transitivity ====
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* To say one holds an opinion on something (e.g. "like" or "hate"), as this does not change the state of the thing in question, the copula is used with the opinion holder in the evidential case, marked by ''kosalo''.
To mark a verb as intransitive, the particle ''mo'' is used in the place of an object,
* ''Gau ni gala'': I entertain/cheer up [someone].
* ''Gau da gala:'' I entertained/cheered up [someone - I may or may not still be entertaining someone else].
* ''Gau mo ni gala
* ''Gau mo da gala
== Example sentences with gloss ==
In the below sentences, to aid learners with pronunciation, stress has been indicated with an accent mark, and where pronuncation variant rules apply they have been placed in square brackets. A stress mark at the very end of a word indicates that vowel should be lengthened.
*''Gaimá da buyú titáu kai uwelí tá gáu de sinyá Móunt Augustá.''
* We had all walked from our homesteads to the [then-active] city of Mount Augusta.▼
* ''Pon sinyá yelai si[ba->f] matikabí mo ni tá istuwi estú.''
▲* '''1EX-PL AUX past PFV walk ABL homestead PL 1EX DAT city "Mount Augusta"'''
▲* We had walked from our homesteads to the [then-active] city of Mount Augusta.
▲* '''LOC city THIS NOM large.building NPFV be.many SUPESS stack.amount NTR'''
* In this city there were very many large buildings (lit. "more than a stack").
* ''Os ni uswí, si[ba->f] nufuyemá ko lón ni buyú de, ni westí galá elpa g[au->ou]stá.''
* '''When NPFV arrive, NOM 3FAM-DISTR AUX begin NPFV walk DAT, NPFV speak happily COM 1EX-PL'''
* On approaching, all its newfriends ran out and happily talked with us.
* ''Le[f->'] lusitá ailéf tá da dóf de gaimá.''
* '''ACC brew bright PL PFV give DAT 1EX-DISTR.'''
* Many delicious brews were given to us all.
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